What is Gypsum?Properties and Production

What is Gypsum?

Although lesser known than quartz, talc, and iron ore, gypsum is a powerhouse in the mineral world. Composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate, gypsum can easily be found in deposits across the globe. The widespread occurrence of this soft rock, as well as its unique properties and versatile nature, has allowed humans throughout history to incorporate gypsum in a wide variety of industries and applications.

Production of Gypsum

Gypsum, also known as selenite, satin spar, and alabaster, can be found both in nature and as a chemical by-product. It occurs naturally through the slow evaporation of mineral-rich water bodies, forming stunning crystals and deposits. This process often occurs in lake and sea water, as well as hot springs and volcanic vapors. Occasionally, gypsum will occur naturally as sand. White Sands National Park in New Mexico is one such example of gypsum sand. More recently, gypsum has been produced in mass quantities as a by-product of many industrial processes, such as the production of phosphoric acid and flue gas desulfurization in power plants.

Astoundingly, gypsum is not confined to just our planet. The NASA rover Opportunity confirmed dunes in the northern polar region of Mars are composed of gypsum. Out of 6,000 minerals found on Earth, gypsum is one of only 161 confirmed to also exist on Mars.

Properties of Gypsum

Gypsum is renowned for its distinctive physical characteristics, including its translucent to opaque appearance and its remarkable ability to dissolve in water. It is often mined in rock form but can be processed into powder or other materials easily used in construction and other industries. This versatility allows gypsum to be used in a wide range of applications.

Additionally, gypsum naturally offers several unique properties that humans have been able to take advantage of for thousands of years.

Fire Resistance: Gypsum’s natural water content provides it with a unique fire-resistant quality, making it a preferred choice for coating walls as a safety measure.

Insulative Properties: Gypsum boasts low heat conductivity, which naturally provides a measure of insulation against extreme temperatures.

Soil Enhancer: Gypsum acts as a natural fertilizer, providing soil with calcium and sulfur without affecting its pH.

Sound Proofing: Gypsum absorbs sound, making it perfect for soundproofing.

Soft Rock: Gypsum is a soft mineral, making it easy for ancient and modern people to cut and carve into it.